COREDNS-FORWARD(7)

NAME

forward - facilitates proxying DNS messages to upstream resolvers.

DESCRIPTION

The forward plugin re-uses already opened sockets to the upstreams. It supports UDP, TCP and DNS-over-TLS and uses in band health checking.

When it detects an error a health check is performed. This checks runs in a loop, performing each check at a 0.5s interval for as long as the upstream reports unhealthy. Once healthy we stop health checking (until the next error). The health checks use a recursive DNS query (. IN NS) to get upstream health. Any response that is not a network error (REFUSED, NOTIMPL, SERVFAIL, etc) is taken as a healthy upstream. The health check uses the same protocol as specified in TO. If max_fails is set to 0, no checking is performed and upstreams will always be considered healthy.

When all upstreams are down it assumes health checking as a mechanism has failed and will try to connect to a random upstream (which may or may not work).

This plugin can only be used once per Server Block.

SYNTAX

In its most basic form, a simple forwarder uses this syntax:

    forward FROM TO...

•   FROM is the base domain to match for the request to be forwarded.

•   TO... are the destination endpoints to forward to. The TO syntax allows you to specify a protocol, tls://9.9.9.9 or dns:// (or no protocol) for plain DNS. The number of upstreams is limited to 15.

Multiple upstreams are randomized (see policy) on first use. When a healthy proxy returns an error during the exchange the next upstream in the list is tried.

Extra knobs are available with an expanded syntax:

    forward FROM TO... {
        except IGNORED_NAMES...
        force_tcp
        prefer_udp
        expire DURATION
        max_fails INTEGER
        tls CERT KEY CA
        tls_servername NAME
        policy random|round_robin|sequential
        health_check DURATION [no_rec]
        max_concurrent MAX
    }

•   FROM and TO... as above.

•   IGNORED_NAMES in except is a space-separated list of domains to exclude from forwarding. Requests that match none of these names will be passed through.

•   force_tcp, use TCP even when the request comes in over UDP.

•   prefer_udp, try first using UDP even when the request comes in over TCP. If response is truncated (TC flag set in response) then do another attempt over TCP. In case if both force_tcp and prefer_udp options specified the force_tcp takes precedence.

•   max_fails is the number of subsequent failed health checks that are needed before considering an upstream to be down. If 0, the upstream will never be marked as down (nor health checked). Default is 2.

•   expire DURATION, expire (cached) connections after this time, the default is 10s.

•   tls CERT KEY CA define the TLS properties for TLS connection. From 0 to 3 arguments can be provided with the meaning as described below

    –   tls - no client authentication is used, and the system CAs are used to verify the server certificate

    –   tls CA - no client authentication is used, and the file CA is used to verify the server certificate

    –   tls CERT KEY - client authentication is used with the specified cert/key pair. The server certificate is verified with the system CAs

    –   tls CERT KEY CA - client authentication is used with the specified cert/key pair. The server certificate is verified using the specified CA file

•   tls_servername NAME allows you to set a server name in the TLS configuration; for instance 9.9.9.9 needs this to be set to dns.quad9.net. Multiple upstreams are still allowed in this scenario, but they have to use the same tls_servername. E.g. mixing 9.9.9.9 (QuadDNS) with 1.1.1.1 (Cloudflare) will not work.

•   policy specifies the policy to use for selecting upstream servers. The default is random.

    –   random is a policy that implements random upstream selection.

    –   round_robin is a policy that selects hosts based on round robin ordering.

    –   sequential is a policy that selects hosts based on sequential ordering.

•   health_check configure the behaviour of health checking of the upstream servers

    –   <duration> - use a different duration for health checking, the default duration is 0.5s.

    –   no_rec - optional argument that sets the RecursionDesired-flag of the dns-query used in health checking to false. The flag is default true.

•   max_concurrent MAX will limit the number of concurrent queries to MAX. Any new query that would raise the number of concurrent queries above the MAX will result in a REFUSED response. This response does not count as a health failure. When choosing a value for MAX, pick a number at least greater than the expected upstream query rate * latency of the upstream servers. As an upper bound for MAX, consider that each concurrent query will use about 2kb of memory.

Also note the TLS config is "global" for the whole forwarding proxy if you need a different tls-name for different upstreams you're out of luck.

On each endpoint, the timeouts for communication are set as follows:

•   The dial timeout by default is 30s, and can decrease automatically down to 100ms based on early results.

•   The read timeout is static at 2s.

METADATA

The forward plugin will publish the following metadata, if the metadata plugin is also enabled:

•   forward/upstream: the upstream used to forward the request

METRICS

If monitoring is enabled (via the prometheus plugin) then the following metric are exported:

•   coredns_forward_requests_total{to} - query count per upstream.

•   coredns_forward_responses_total{to} - Counter of responses received per upstream.

•   coredns_forward_request_duration_seconds{to, rcode, type} - duration per upstream, RCODE, type

•   coredns_forward_responses_total{to, rcode} - count of RCODEs per upstream.

•   coredns_forward_healthcheck_failures_total{to} - number of failed health checks per upstream.

•   coredns_forward_healthcheck_broken_total{} - counter of when all upstreams are unhealthy, and we are randomly (this always uses the random policy) spraying to an upstream.

•   coredns_forward_max_concurrent_rejects_total{} - counter of the number of queries rejected because the number of concurrent queries were at maximum.

•   coredns_forward_conn_cache_hits_total{to, proto} - counter of connection cache hits per upstream and protocol.

•   coredns_forward_conn_cache_misses_total{to, proto} - counter of connection cache misses per upstream and protocol. Where to is one of the upstream servers (TO from the config), rcode is the returned RCODE from the upstream, proto is the transport protocol like udp, tcp, tcp-tls.

EXAMPLES

Proxy all requests within example.org. to a nameserver running on a different port:

    example.org {
        forward . 127.0.0.1:9005
    }

Load balance all requests between three resolvers, one of which has a IPv6 address.

    . {
        forward . 10.0.0.10:53 10.0.0.11:1053 [2003::1]:53
    }

Forward everything except requests to example.org

    . {
        forward . 10.0.0.10:1234 {
            except example.org
        }
    }

Proxy everything except example.org using the host's resolv.conf's nameservers:

    . {
        forward . /etc/resolv.conf {
            except example.org
        }
    }

Proxy all requests to 9.9.9.9 using the DNS-over-TLS (DoT) protocol, and cache every answer for up to 30 seconds. Note the tls_servername is mandatory if you want a working setup, as 9.9.9.9 can't be used in the TLS negotiation. Also set the health check duration to 5s to not completely swamp the service with health checks.

    . {
        forward . tls://9.9.9.9 {
           tls_servername dns.quad9.net
           health_check 5s
        }
        cache 30
    }

Or with multiple upstreams from the same provider

    . {
        forward . tls://1.1.1.1 tls://1.0.0.1 {
           tls_servername cloudflare-dns.com
           health_check 5s
        }
        cache 30
    }

Or when you have multiple DoT upstreams with different tls_servernames, you can do the following:

    . {
        forward . 127.0.0.1:5301 127.0.0.1:5302
    }
    .:5301 {
        forward . 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4 {
            tls_servername dns.google
        }
    }
    .:5302 {
        forward . 1.1.1.1 1.0.0.1 {
            tls_servername cloudflare-dns.com
        }
    }

SEE ALSO

RFC 7858 ⟨https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7858⟩ for DNS over TLS.