# template

## Name

*template* - allows for dynamic responses based on the incoming query.

## Description

The *template* plugin allows you to dynamically respond to queries by just writing a (Go) template.

## Syntax

~~~
template CLASS TYPE [ZONE...] {
    match REGEX...
    var NAME EXPRESSION
    expr EXPRESSION
    answer RR
    additional RR
    authority RR
    rcode CODE
    ederror EXTENDED_ERROR_CODE [EXTRA_REASON]
    fallthrough [FALLTHROUGH-ZONE...]
}
~~~

* **CLASS** the query class (usually IN or ANY).
* **TYPE** the query type (A, PTR, ... can be ANY to match all types).
* **ZONE** the zone scope(s) for this template. Defaults to the server zones.
* `match` **REGEX** [Go regexp](https://golang.org/pkg/regexp/) that are matched against the incoming question name.
  Specifying no regex matches everything (default: `.*`). First matching regex wins. Regex patterns
  must not exceed 10000 characters.
* `answer|additional|authority` **RR** A [RFC 1035](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035#section-5) style resource record fragment
  built by a [Go template](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template/) that contains the reply. Specifying no answer will result
  in a response with an empty answer section.
* `var` **NAME** **EXPRESSION** sets the variable **NAME** to the result of **EXPRESSION**, evaluated for each matching query
  and available to the templates as `.Var.NAME`. Multiple variables may be set; each one may use the variables declared before it.
  See the **Expressions** section.
* `expr` **EXPRESSION** a condition that must evaluate to `true` for the query to match. All conditions must be true for a
  complete match; otherwise the query is subject to `fallthrough`, as if no regex had matched. Conditions may use the
  variables declared with `var`. See the **Expressions** section.
* `rcode` **CODE** A response code (`NXDOMAIN, SERVFAIL, ...`). The default is `NOERROR`. Valid response code values are
  per the `RcodeToString` map defined by the `miekg/dns` package in `msg.go`.
* `ederror` **EXTENDED_ERROR_CODE** is an extended DNS error code as a number defined in `RFC8914` (0, 1, 2,..., 24).
              **EXTRA_REASON** is an additional string explaining the reason for returning the error.
* `fallthrough` Continue with the next _template_ instance if the _template_'s **ZONE** matches a query name but no regex match.
  If there is no next _template_, continue resolution with the next plugin. If **[FALLTHROUGH-ZONE...]** are listed (for example
  `in-addr.arpa` and `ip6.arpa`), then only queries for those zones will be subject to fallthrough. Without
  `fallthrough`, when the _template_'s **ZONE** matches a query but no regex match then a `SERVFAIL` response is returned.

[Also see](#also-see) contains an additional reading list.

## Templates

Each resource record is a full-featured [Go template](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template/) with the following predefined data

* `.Zone` the matched zone string (e.g. `example.`).
* `.Name` the query name, as a string (lowercased).
* `.Class` the query class (usually `IN`).
* `.Type` the RR type requested (e.g. `PTR`).
* `.Match` an array of all matches. `index .Match 0` refers to the whole match.
* `.Group` a map of the named capture groups.
* `.Message` the complete incoming DNS message.
* `.Question` the matched question section.
* `.Remote` client’s IP address
* `.Var` the variables defined with `var` (e.g. `.Var.myvariable`).
* `.Meta` a function that takes a metadata name and returns the value, if the
  metadata plugin is enabled. For example, `.Meta "kubernetes/client-namespace"`

and the following predefined [template functions](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template#hdr-Functions)

* `parseInt` interprets a string in the given base and bit size. Equivalent to [strconv.ParseUint](https://golang.org/pkg/strconv#ParseUint).

The output of the template must be a [RFC 1035](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035) style resource record (commonly referred to as a "zone file").

**WARNING** there is a syntactical problem with Go templates and CoreDNS config files. Expressions
 like `{{$var}}` will be interpreted as a reference to an environment variable by CoreDNS (and
 Caddy) while `{{ $var }}` will work. See [Bugs](#bugs) and corefile(5).

## Expressions

The **EXPRESSION** of a `var` or `expr` is written in the expr language, the same as used by the *view* plugin. See
https://expr-lang.org/docs/language-definition as a detailed reference for valid syntax.

Expressions can reference the DNS query functions and utility functions listed in the *view* plugin's documentation, the
variables declared by preceding `var` options, and

* `group(name string) string`: the capture group named _name_ of the matching regex, or `""` if there is no such group.
* `group(index int) string`: the _index_-th capture group of the matching regex, `group(0)` being the entire match, or `""`
  if there is no such group.

A variable name must be a valid identifier and must not be the name of an existing function, or of a keyword or literal of
the expr language, such as `len` or `true`.

## Metrics

If monitoring is enabled (via the *prometheus* plugin) then the following metrics are exported:

* `coredns_template_matches_total{server, zone, view, class, type}` the total number of matched requests by regex.
* `coredns_template_template_failures_total{server, zone, view, class, type, section, template}` the number of times the Go templating failed. Regex, section and template label values can be used to map the error back to the config file.
* `coredns_template_rr_failures_total{server, zone, view, class, type, section, template}` the number of times the templated resource record was invalid and could not be parsed. Regex, section and template label values can be used to map the error back to the config file.

Both failure cases indicate a problem with the template configuration. The `server` label indicates
the server incrementing the metric, see the *metrics* plugin for details.

## Examples

### Resolve everything to NXDOMAIN

The most simplistic template is

~~~ corefile
. {
    template ANY ANY {
      rcode NXDOMAIN
    }
}
~~~

1. This template uses the default zone (`.` or all queries)
2. All queries will be answered (no `fallthrough`)
3. The answer is always NXDOMAIN

### Resolve .invalid as NXDOMAIN

The `.invalid` domain is a reserved TLD (see [RFC 2606 Reserved Top Level DNS Names](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2606#section-2)) to indicate invalid domains.

~~~ corefile
. {
    forward . 8.8.8.8

    template ANY ANY invalid {
      rcode NXDOMAIN
      authority "invalid. 60 {{ .Class }} SOA ns.invalid. hostmaster.invalid. (1 60 60 60 60)"
      ederror 21 "Blocked according to RFC2606"
    }
}
~~~

1. A query to .invalid will result in NXDOMAIN (rcode)
2. A dummy SOA record is sent to hand out a TTL of 60s for caching purposes
3. Querying `.invalid` in the `CH` class will also cause a NXDOMAIN/SOA response
4. The default regex is `.*`

### Block invalid search domain completions

Imagine you run `example.com` with a datacenter `dc1.example.com`. The datacenter domain
is part of the DNS search domain.
However `something.example.com.dc1.example.com` would indicate a fully qualified
domain name (`something.example.com`) that inadvertently has the default domain or search
path (`dc1.example.com`) added.

~~~ corefile
. {
    forward . 8.8.8.8

    template IN ANY example.com.dc1.example.com {
      rcode NXDOMAIN
      authority "{{ .Zone }} 60 IN SOA ns.example.com hostmaster.example.com (1 60 60 60 60)"
    }
}
~~~

A more verbose regex based equivalent would be

~~~ corefile
. {
    forward . 8.8.8.8

    template IN ANY example.com {
      match "example\.com\.(dc1\.example\.com\.)$"
      rcode NXDOMAIN
      authority "{{ index .Match 1 }} 60 IN SOA ns.{{ index .Match 1 }} hostmaster.{{ index .Match 1 }} (1 60 60 60 60)"
      fallthrough
    }
}
~~~

The regex-based version can do more complex matching/templating while zone-based templating is easier to read and use.

### Resolve A/PTR for .example

~~~ corefile
. {
    forward . 8.8.8.8

    # ip-a-b-c-d.example A a.b.c.d

    template IN A example {
      match (^|[.])ip-(?P<a>[0-9]*)-(?P<b>[0-9]*)-(?P<c>[0-9]*)-(?P<d>[0-9]*)[.]example[.]$
      answer "{{ .Name }} 60 IN A {{ .Group.a }}.{{ .Group.b }}.{{ .Group.c }}.{{ .Group.d }}"
      fallthrough
    }

    # d.c.b.a.in-addr.arpa PTR ip-a-b-c-d.example

    template IN PTR in-addr.arpa {
      match ^(?P<d>[0-9]*)[.](?P<c>[0-9]*)[.](?P<b>[0-9]*)[.](?P<a>[0-9]*)[.]in-addr[.]arpa[.]$
      answer "{{ .Name }} 60 IN PTR ip-{{ .Group.a }}-{{ .Group.b }}-{{ .Group.c }}-{{ .Group.d }}.example."
    }
}
~~~

An IPv4 address consists of 4 bytes, `a.b.c.d`. Named groups make it less error-prone to reverse the
IP address in the PTR case. Try to use named groups to explain what your regex and template are doing.

Note that the A record is actually a wildcard: any subdomain of the IP address will resolve to the IP address.

Having templates to map certain PTR/A pairs is a common pattern.

Fallthrough is needed for mixed domains where only some responses are templated.

### Resolve device addresses for HTTPS on LAN

For an embedded device on a local network to be trusted, it needs to have a certificate signed by a
CA and the CA needs to verify that the device controls the name for which it is issued. As the local
address may change, a certificate is issued for the wildcard subdomain `*.<id>.example.com` instead,
where `<id>` is a unique id for the given device. The same trick as in the example above can be used
to find out the actual IP address.

Resolving to public IP addresses would allow for this to be used in phishing attacks, so an
additional expression must be satisfied to limit the allowed IP range.

~~~ corefile
. {
    forward . 8.8.8.8

    template IN A example.com {
      match ^(?P<ip>[0-9]{1,3}(-[0-9]{1,3}){3})[.](?P<id>[a-z2-7]{26})[.]example[.]com[.]$
      var ip replace(group('ip'), '-', '.')
      expr "any(['10.0.0.0/8', '172.16.0.0/12', '192.168.0.0/16', '169.254.0.0/16'], incidr(ip, #))"
      answer "{{ .Name }} 60 IN A {{ .Var.ip }}"
      fallthrough
    }
}
~~~

The regular expression for the unique device id matches a base32 encoded string of a 128-bit device
id, with the padding removed.

Note that an expression using `#` must be quoted, or it will be interpreted as a comment.

### Resolve hexadecimal ip pattern using parseInt

~~~ corefile
. {
    forward . 8.8.8.8

    template IN A example {
      match "^ip0a(?P<b>[a-f0-9]{2})(?P<c>[a-f0-9]{2})(?P<d>[a-f0-9]{2})[.]example[.]$"
      answer "{{ .Name }} 60 IN A 10.{{ parseInt .Group.b 16 8 }}.{{ parseInt .Group.c 16 8 }}.{{ parseInt .Group.d 16 8 }}"
      fallthrough
    }
}
~~~

An IPv4 address can be expressed in a more compact form using its hexadecimal encoding.
For example `ip-10-123-123.example.` can instead be expressed as `ip0a7b7b7b.example.`

### Resolve multiple ip patterns

~~~ corefile
. {
    forward . 8.8.8.8

    template IN A example {
      match "^ip-(?P<a>10)-(?P<b>[0-9]*)-(?P<c>[0-9]*)-(?P<d>[0-9]*)[.]dc[.]example[.]$"
      match "^(?P<a>[0-9]*)[.](?P<b>[0-9]*)[.](?P<c>[0-9]*)[.](?P<d>[0-9]*)[.]ext[.]example[.]$"
      answer "{{ .Name }} 60 IN A {{ .Group.a}}.{{ .Group.b }}.{{ .Group.c }}.{{ .Group.d }}"
      fallthrough
    }
}
~~~

Named capture groups can be used to template one response for multiple patterns.

### Resolve A and MX records for IP templates in .example

~~~ corefile
. {
    forward . 8.8.8.8

    template IN A example {
      match ^ip-10-(?P<b>[0-9]*)-(?P<c>[0-9]*)-(?P<d>[0-9]*)[.]example[.]$
      answer "{{ .Name }} 60 IN A 10.{{ .Group.b }}.{{ .Group.c }}.{{ .Group.d }}"
      fallthrough
    }
    template IN MX example {
      match ^ip-10-(?P<b>[0-9]*)-(?P<c>[0-9]*)-(?P<d>[0-9]*)[.]example[.]$
      answer "{{ .Name }} 60 IN MX 10 {{ .Name }}"
      additional "{{ .Name }} 60 IN A 10.{{ .Group.b }}.{{ .Group.c }}.{{ .Group.d }}"
      fallthrough
    }
}
~~~

### Adding authoritative nameservers to the response

~~~ corefile
. {
    forward . 8.8.8.8

    template IN A example {
      match ^ip-10-(?P<b>[0-9]*)-(?P<c>[0-9]*)-(?P<d>[0-9]*)[.]example[.]$
      answer "{{ .Name }} 60 IN A 10.{{ .Group.b }}.{{ .Group.c }}.{{ .Group.d }}"
      authority  "example. 60 IN NS ns0.example."
      authority  "example. 60 IN NS ns1.example."
      additional "ns0.example. 60 IN A 203.0.113.8"
      additional "ns1.example. 60 IN A 198.51.100.8"
      fallthrough
    }
    template IN MX example {
      match ^ip-10-(?P<b>[0-9]*)-(?P<c>[0-9]*)-(?P<d>[0-9]*)[.]example[.]$
      answer "{{ .Name }} 60 IN MX 10 {{ .Name }}"
      additional "{{ .Name }} 60 IN A 10.{{ .Group.b }}.{{ .Group.c }}.{{ .Group.d }}"
      authority  "example. 60 IN NS ns0.example."
      authority  "example. 60 IN NS ns1.example."
      additional "ns0.example. 60 IN A 203.0.113.8"
      additional "ns1.example. 60 IN A 198.51.100.8"
      fallthrough
    }
}
~~~

### Fabricate a CNAME

This example responds with a CNAME to `google.com` for any DNS query made exactly for `foogle.com`.
The answer will also contain a record for `google.com` if the upstream nameserver can return a record for it of the
requested type.

~~~ corefile
. {
  template IN ANY foogle.com {
    match "^foogle\.com\.$"
    answer "foogle.com 60 IN CNAME google.com"
  }
  forward . 8.8.8.8
}
~~~

## Also see

* [Go regexp](https://golang.org/pkg/regexp/) for details about the regex implementation
* [RE2 syntax reference](https://github.com/google/re2/wiki/Syntax) for details about the regex syntax
* [RFC 1034](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1034#section-3.6.1) and [RFC 1035](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1035#section-5) for the resource record format
* [Go template](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template/) for the template language reference

## Bugs

CoreDNS supports [caddyfile environment variables](https://caddyserver.com/docs/caddyfile#env)
with notion of `{$ENV_VAR}`. This parser feature will break [Go template variables](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template/#hdr-Variables) notations like`{{$variable}}`.
The equivalent notation `{{ $variable }}` will work.
Try to avoid Go template variables in the context of this plugin.
