plugin/sign: a plugin that signs zone (#2993)

* plugin/sign: a plugin that signs zones Sign is a plugin that signs zone data (on disk). The README.md details what exactly happens to should be accurate related to the code. Signs are signed with a CSK, resigning and first time signing is all handled by *sign* plugin. Logging with a test zone looks something like this: ~~~ txt [INFO] plugin/sign: Signing "miek.nl." because open plugin/sign/testdata/db.miek.nl.signed: no such file or directory [INFO] plugin/sign: Signed "miek.nl." with key tags "59725" in 11.670985ms, saved in "plugin/sign/testdata/db.miek.nl.signed". Next: 2019-07-20T15:49:06.560Z [INFO] plugin/file: Successfully reloaded zone "miek.nl." in "plugin/sign/testdata/db.miek.nl.signed" with serial 1563636548 [INFO] plugin/sign: Signing "miek.nl." because resign was: 10m0s ago [INFO] plugin/sign: Signed "miek.nl." with key tags "59725" in 2.055895ms, saved in "plugin/sign/testdata/db.miek.nl.signed". Next: 2019-07-20T16:09:06.560Z [INFO] plugin/file: Successfully reloaded zone "miek.nl." in "plugin/sign/testdata/db.miek.nl.signed" with serial 1563637748 ~~~ Signed-off-by: Miek Gieben <miek@miek.nl> * Adjust readme and remove timestamps Signed-off-by: Miek Gieben <miek@miek.nl> * Comment on the newline Signed-off-by: Miek Gieben <miek@miek.nl> * Update plugin/sign/README.md Co-Authored-By: Michael Grosser <development@stp-ip.net>
2025-10-27 08:14:18 -04:00 · 2019-08-29 15:41:59 +01:00
parent eec24cb013
commit b8a0b52a5e
21 changed files with 1114 additions and 1 deletions
--- a/core/dnsserver/zdirectives.go
+++ b/core/dnsserver/zdirectives.go
@@ -51,4 +51,5 @@ var Directives = []string{
 	"erratic",
 	"whoami",
 	"on",
+	"sign",
 }
--- a/core/plugin/zplugin.go
+++ b/core/plugin/zplugin.go
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ import (
 	_ "github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin/root"
 	_ "github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin/route53"
 	_ "github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin/secondary"
+	_ "github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin/sign"
 	_ "github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin/template"
 	_ "github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin/tls"
 	_ "github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin/trace"
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/tinylib/msgp v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/tmc/grpc-websocket-proxy v0.0.0-20190109142713-0ad062ec5ee5 // indirect
 	go.etcd.io/etcd v0.0.0-20190823073701-67d0c21bb04c
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190701094942-4def268fd1a4 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190701094942-4def268fd1a4
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190801041406-cbf593c0f2f3
 	golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/api v0.9.0
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -353,6 +353,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190228161510-8dd112bcdc25/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACk
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190418165655-df01cb2cc480/go.mod h1:WFFai1msRO1wXaEeE5yQxYXgSfI8pQAWXbQop6sCtWE=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190605123033-f99c8df09eb5/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190618222545-ea8f1a30c443 h1:IcSOAf4PyMp3U3XbIEj1/xJ2BjNN2jWv7JoyOsMxXUU=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190618222545-ea8f1a30c443/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190701094942-4def268fd1a4 h1:HuIa8hRrWRSrqYzx1qI49NNxhdi2PrY7gxVSq1JjLDc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190701094942-4def268fd1a4/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
@@ -382,6 +384,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190503192946-f4e77d36d62c/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190603091049-60506f45cf65 h1:+rhAzEzT3f4JtomfC371qB+0Ola2caSKcY69NUBZrRQ=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190603091049-60506f45cf65/go.mod h1:HSz+uSET+XFnRR8LxR5pz3Of3rY3CfYBVs4xY44aLks=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190613194153-d28f0bde5980/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190619014844-b5b0513f8c1b/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190620200207-3b0461eec859 h1:R/3boaszxrf1GEUWTVDzSKVwLmSJpwZ1yqXm8j0v2QI=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190620200207-3b0461eec859/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190628185345-da137c7871d7 h1:rTIdg5QFRR7XCaK4LCjBiPbx8j4DQRpdYMnGn/bJUEU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190628185345-da137c7871d7/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
@@ -416,6 +420,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190422165155-953cdadca894/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190502145724-3ef323f4f1fd/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190507160741-ecd444e8653b/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190606165138-5da285871e9c/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190618155005-516e3c20635f/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190624142023-c5567b49c5d0 h1:HyfiK1WMnHj5FXFXatD+Qs1A/xC2Run6RzeW1SyHxpc=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190624142023-c5567b49c5d0/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190801041406-cbf593c0f2f3 h1:4y9KwBHBgBNwDbtu44R5o1fdOCQUEXhbk/P4A9WmJq0=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190801041406-cbf593c0f2f3/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
@@ -458,6 +464,8 @@ google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190307195333-5fe7a883aa19/go.mod h1:VzzqZJRn
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190418145605-e7d98fc518a7/go.mod h1:VzzqZJRnGkLBvHegQrXjBqPurQTc5/KpmUdxsrq26oE=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190425155659-357c62f0e4bb/go.mod h1:VzzqZJRnGkLBvHegQrXjBqPurQTc5/KpmUdxsrq26oE=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190502173448-54afdca5d873/go.mod h1:VzzqZJRnGkLBvHegQrXjBqPurQTc5/KpmUdxsrq26oE=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190611190212-a7e196e89fd3/go.mod h1:z3L6/3dTEVtUr6QSP8miRzeRqwQOioJ9I66odjN4I7s=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190626174449-989357319d63 h1:UsSJe9fhWNSz6emfIGPpH5DF23t7ALo2Pf3sC+/hsdg=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190626174449-989357319d63/go.mod h1:z3L6/3dTEVtUr6QSP8miRzeRqwQOioJ9I66odjN4I7s=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190701230453-710ae3a149df h1:k3DT34vxk64+4bD5x+fRy6U0SXxZehzUHRSYUJcKfII=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190701230453-710ae3a149df/go.mod h1:z3L6/3dTEVtUr6QSP8miRzeRqwQOioJ9I66odjN4I7s=
--- a/plugin.cfg
+++ b/plugin.cfg
@@ -60,3 +60,4 @@ grpc:grpc
 erratic:erratic
 whoami:whoami
 on:github.com/caddyserver/caddy/onevent
+sign:sign
--- a/plugin/sign/README.md
+++ b/plugin/sign/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# sign
+
+## Name
+
+*sign* - add DNSSEC records to zone files.
+
+## Description
+
+The *sign* plugin is used to sign (see RFC 6781) zones. In this process DNSSEC resource records are
+added. The signatures that sign the resource records sets have an expiration date, this means the
+signing process must be repeated before this expiration data is reached. Otherwise the zone's data
+will go BAD (RFC 4035, Section 5.5). The *sign* plugin takes care of this. *Sign* works, but has
+a couple of limitations, see the "Bugs" section.
+
+Only NSEC is supported, *sign* does not support NSEC3.
+
+*Sign* works in conjunction with the *file* and *auto* plugins; this plugin **signs** the zones
+files, *auto* and *file* **serve** the zones *data*.
+
+For this plugin to work at least one Common Signing Key, (see coredns-keygen(1)) is needed. This key
+(or keys) will be used to sign the entire zone. *Sign* does not support the ZSK/KSK split, nor will
+it do key or algorithm rollovers - it just signs.
+
+*Sign* will:
+
+ *  (Re)-sign the zone with the CSK(s) when:
+
+     -  the last time it was signed is more than a 6 days ago. Each zone will have some jitter
+        applied to the inception date.
+
+     -  the signature only has 14 days left before expiring.
+
+    Both these dates are only checked on the SOA's signature(s).
+
+ *  Create signatures that have an inception of -3 hours (minus a jitter between 0 and 18 hours)
+    and a expiration of +32 days for every given DNSKEY.
+
+ *  Add or replace *all* apex CDS/CDNSKEY records with the ones derived from the given keys. For
+    each key two CDS are created one with SHA1 and another with SHA256.
+
+ *  Update the SOA's serial number to the *Unix epoch* of when the signing happens. This will
+    overwrite *any* previous serial number.
+
+Thus there are two ways that dictate when a zone is signed. Normally every 6 days (plus jitter) it
+will be resigned. If for some reason we fail this check, the 14 days before expiring kicks in.
+
+Keys are named (following BIND9): `K<name>+<alg>+<id>.key` and `K<name>+<alg>+<id>.private`.
+The keys **must not** be included in your zone; they will be added by *sign*. These keys can be
+generated with `coredns-keygen` or BIND9's `dnssec-keygen`. You don't have to adhere to this naming
+scheme, but then you need to name your keys explicitly, see the `keys file` directive.
+
+A generated zone is written out in a file named `db.<name>.signed` in the directory named by the
+`directory` directive (which defaults to `/var/lib/coredns`).
+
+## Syntax
+
+~~~
+sign DBFILE [ZONES...] {
+    key file|directory KEY...|DIR...
+    directory DIR
+}
+~~~
+
+*  **DBFILE** the zone database file to read and parse. If the path is relative, the path from the
+   *root* directive will be prepended to it.
+*  **ZONES** zones it should be sign for. If empty, the zones from the configuration block are
+   used.
+* `key` specifies the key(s) (there can be multiple) to sign the zone. If `file` is
+   used the **KEY**'s filenames are used as is. If `directory` is used, *sign* will look in **DIR**
+   for `K<name>+<alg>+<id>` files. Any metadata in these files (Activate, Publish, etc.) is
+   *ignored*. These keys must also be Key Signing Keys (KSK).
+*  `directory` specifies the **DIR** where CoreDNS should save zones that have been signed.
+   If not given this defaults to `/var/lib/coredns`. The zones are saved under the name
+   `db.<name>.signed`. If the path is relative the path from the *root* directive will be prepended
+   to it.
+
+Keys can be generated with `coredns-keygen`, to create one for use in the *sign* plugin, use:
+`coredns-keygen example.org` or `dnssec-keygen -a ECDSAP256SHA256 -f KSK example.org`.
+
+## Examples
+
+Sign the `example.org` zone contained in the file `db.example.org` and write the result to
+`./db.example.org.signed` to let the *file* plugin pick it up and serve it. The keys used
+are read from `/etc/coredns/keys/Kexample.org.key` and `/etc/coredns/keys/Kexample.org.private`.
+
+~~~ txt
+example.org {
+    file db.example.org.signed
+
+    sign db.example.org {
+        key file /etc/coredns/keys/Kexample.org
+        directory .
+    }
+}
+~~~
+
+Running this leads to the following log output (note the timers in this example have been set to
+shorter intervals).
+
+~~~ txt
+[WARNING] plugin/file: Failed to open "open /tmp/db.example.org.signed: no such file or directory": trying again in 1m0s
+[INFO] plugin/sign: Signing "example.org." because open /tmp/db.example.org.signed: no such file or directory
+[INFO] plugin/sign: Successfully signed zone "example.org." in "/tmp/db.example.org.signed" with key tags "59725" and 1564766865 SOA serial, elapsed 9.357933ms, next: 2019-08-02T22:27:45.270Z
+[INFO] plugin/file: Successfully reloaded zone "example.org." in "/tmp/db.example.org.signed" with serial 1564766865
+~~~
+
+Or use a single zone file for *multiple* zones, note that the **ZONES** are repeated for both plugins.
+Also note this outputs *multiple* signed output files. Here we use the default output directory
+`/var/lib/coredns`.
+
+~~~ txt
+. {
+    file /var/lib/coredns/db.example.org.signed example.org
+    file /var/lib/coredns/db.example.net.signed example.net
+    sign db.example.org example.org example.net {
+        key directory /etc/coredns/keys
+    }
+}
+~~~
+
+This is the same configuration, but the zones are put in the server block, but note that you still
+need to specify what file is served for what zone in the *file* plugin:
+
+~~~ txt
+example.org example.net {
+    file var/lib/coredns/db.example.org.signed example.org
+    file var/lib/coredns/db.example.net.signed example.net
+    sign db.example.org {
+        key directory /etc/coredns/keys
+    }
+}
+~~~
+
+Be careful to fully list the origins you want to sign, if you don't:
+
+~~~ txt
+example.org example.net {
+    sign plugin/sign/testdata/db.example.org miek.org {
+        key file /etc/coredns/keys/Kexample.org
+    }
+}
+~~~
+
+This will lead to `db.example.org` be signed *twice*, as this entire section is parsed twice because
+you have specified the origins `example.org` and `example.net` in the server block.
+
+Forcibly resigning a zone can be accomplished by removing the signed zone file (CoreDNS will keep on
+serving it from memory), and sending SIGUSR1 to the process to make it reload and resign the zone
+file.
+
+## Also See
+
+The DNSSEC RFCs: RFC 4033, RFC 4034 and RFC 4035. And the BCP on DNSSEC, RFC 6781. Further more the
+manual pages coredns-keygen(1) and dnssec-keygen(8). And the *file* plugin's documentation.
+
+Coredns-keygen can be found at <https://github.com/coredns/coredns-utils> in the coredns-keygen directory.
+
+## Bugs
+
+`keys directory` is not implemented. Glue records are currently signed, and no DS records are added
+for child zones.
--- a/plugin/sign/dnssec.go
+++ b/plugin/sign/dnssec.go
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package sign
+
+import (
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+)
+
+func (p Pair) signRRs(rrs []dns.RR, signerName string, ttl, incep, expir uint32) (*dns.RRSIG, error) {
+	rrsig := &dns.RRSIG{
+		Hdr:        dns.RR_Header{Rrtype: dns.TypeRRSIG, Ttl: ttl},
+		Algorithm:  p.Public.Algorithm,
+		SignerName: signerName,
+		KeyTag:     p.KeyTag,
+		OrigTtl:    ttl,
+		Inception:  incep,
+		Expiration: expir,
+	}
+
+	e := rrsig.Sign(p.Private, rrs)
+	return rrsig, e
+}
--- a/plugin/sign/file.go
+++ b/plugin/sign/file.go
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+package sign
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin/file"
+	"github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin/file/tree"
+
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+)
+
+// write writes out the zone file to a temporary file which is then moved into the correct place.
+func (s *Signer) write(z *file.Zone) error {
+	f, err := ioutil.TempFile(s.directory, "signed-")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := write(f, z); err != nil {
+		f.Close()
+		return err
+	}
+
+	f.Close()
+	return os.Rename(f.Name(), filepath.Join(s.directory, s.signedfile))
+}
+
+func write(w io.Writer, z *file.Zone) error {
+	if _, err := io.WriteString(w, z.Apex.SOA.String()); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	w.Write([]byte("\n")) // RR Stringer() method doesn't include newline, which ends the RR in a zone file, write that here.
+	for _, rr := range z.Apex.SIGSOA {
+		io.WriteString(w, rr.String())
+		w.Write([]byte("\n"))
+	}
+	for _, rr := range z.Apex.NS {
+		io.WriteString(w, rr.String())
+		w.Write([]byte("\n"))
+	}
+	for _, rr := range z.Apex.SIGNS {
+		io.WriteString(w, rr.String())
+		w.Write([]byte("\n"))
+	}
+	err := z.Walk(func(e *tree.Elem, _ map[uint16][]dns.RR) error {
+		for _, r := range e.All() {
+			io.WriteString(w, r.String())
+			w.Write([]byte("\n"))
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	return err
+}
+
+// Parse parses the zone in filename and returns a new Zone or an error. This
+// is similar to the Parse function in the *file* plugin. However when parsing
+// the record types DNSKEY, RRSIG, CDNSKEY and CDS are *not* included in the returned
+// zone (if encountered).
+func Parse(f io.Reader, origin, fileName string) (*file.Zone, error) {
+	zp := dns.NewZoneParser(f, dns.Fqdn(origin), fileName)
+	zp.SetIncludeAllowed(true)
+	z := file.NewZone(origin, fileName)
+	seenSOA := false
+
+	for rr, ok := zp.Next(); ok; rr, ok = zp.Next() {
+		if err := zp.Err(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		switch rr.(type) {
+		case *dns.DNSKEY, *dns.RRSIG, *dns.CDNSKEY, *dns.CDS:
+			continue
+		case *dns.SOA:
+			seenSOA = true
+			if err := z.Insert(rr); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		default:
+			if err := z.Insert(rr); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if !seenSOA {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("file %q has no SOA record", fileName)
+	}
+
+	return z, nil
+}
--- a/plugin/sign/file_test.go
+++ b/plugin/sign/file_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package sign
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+)
+
+func TestFileParse(t *testing.T) {
+	f, err := os.Open("testdata/db.miek.nl")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	z, err := Parse(f, "miek.nl.", "testdata/db.miek.nl")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	s := &Signer{
+		directory:  ".",
+		signedfile: "db.miek.nl.test",
+	}
+
+	s.write(z)
+	defer os.Remove("db.miek.nl.test")
+
+	f, err = os.Open("db.miek.nl.test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	z, err = Parse(f, "miek.nl.", "db.miek.nl.test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if x := z.Apex.SOA.Header().Name; x != "miek.nl." {
+		t.Errorf("Expected SOA name to be %s, got %s", x, "miek.nl.")
+	}
+	apex, _ := z.Search("miek.nl.")
+	key := apex.Type(dns.TypeDNSKEY)
+	if key != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Expected no DNSKEYs, but got %d", len(key))
+	}
+}
--- a/plugin/sign/keys.go
+++ b/plugin/sign/keys.go
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+package sign
+
+import (
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/coredns/coredns/core/dnsserver"
+
+	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy"
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
+)
+
+// Pair holds DNSSEC key information, both the public and private components are stored here.
+type Pair struct {
+	Public  *dns.DNSKEY
+	KeyTag  uint16
+	Private crypto.Signer
+}
+
+// keyParse reads the public and private key from disk.
+func keyParse(c *caddy.Controller) ([]Pair, error) {
+	if !c.NextArg() {
+		return nil, c.ArgErr()
+	}
+	pairs := []Pair{}
+	config := dnsserver.GetConfig(c)
+
+	switch c.Val() {
+	case "file":
+		ks := c.RemainingArgs()
+		if len(ks) == 0 {
+			return nil, c.ArgErr()
+		}
+		for _, k := range ks {
+			base := k
+			// Kmiek.nl.+013+26205.key, handle .private or without extension: Kmiek.nl.+013+26205
+			if strings.HasSuffix(k, ".key") {
+				base = k[:len(k)-4]
+			}
+			if strings.HasSuffix(k, ".private") {
+				base = k[:len(k)-8]
+			}
+			if !filepath.IsAbs(base) && config.Root != "" {
+				base = filepath.Join(config.Root, base)
+			}
+
+			pair, err := readKeyPair(base+".key", base+".private")
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			pairs = append(pairs, pair)
+		}
+	case "directory":
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("directory: not implemented")
+	}
+
+	return pairs, nil
+}
+
+func readKeyPair(public, private string) (Pair, error) {
+	rk, err := os.Open(public)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Pair{}, err
+	}
+	b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(rk)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Pair{}, err
+	}
+	dnskey, err := dns.NewRR(string(b))
+	if err != nil {
+		return Pair{}, err
+	}
+	if _, ok := dnskey.(*dns.DNSKEY); !ok {
+		return Pair{}, fmt.Errorf("RR in %q is not a DNSKEY: %d", public, dnskey.Header().Rrtype)
+	}
+	ksk := dnskey.(*dns.DNSKEY).Flags&(1<<8) == (1<<8) && dnskey.(*dns.DNSKEY).Flags&1 == 1
+	if !ksk {
+		return Pair{}, fmt.Errorf("DNSKEY in %q is not a CSK/KSK", public)
+	}
+
+	rp, err := os.Open(private)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Pair{}, err
+	}
+	privkey, err := dnskey.(*dns.DNSKEY).ReadPrivateKey(rp, private)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Pair{}, err
+	}
+	switch signer := privkey.(type) {
+	case *ecdsa.PrivateKey:
+		return Pair{Public: dnskey.(*dns.DNSKEY), KeyTag: dnskey.(*dns.DNSKEY).KeyTag(), Private: signer}, nil
+	case *ed25519.PrivateKey:
+		return Pair{Public: dnskey.(*dns.DNSKEY), KeyTag: dnskey.(*dns.DNSKEY).KeyTag(), Private: signer}, nil
+	case *rsa.PrivateKey:
+		return Pair{Public: dnskey.(*dns.DNSKEY), KeyTag: dnskey.(*dns.DNSKEY).KeyTag(), Private: signer}, nil
+	default:
+		return Pair{}, fmt.Errorf("unsupported algorithm %s", signer)
+	}
+}
+
+// keyTag returns the key tags of the keys in ps as a formatted string.
+func keyTag(ps []Pair) string {
+	if len(ps) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	s := ""
+	for _, p := range ps {
+		s += strconv.Itoa(int(p.KeyTag)) + ","
+	}
+	return s[:len(s)-1]
+}
--- a/plugin/sign/log_test.go
+++ b/plugin/sign/log_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+package sign
+
+import clog "github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin/pkg/log"
+
+func init() { clog.Discard() }
--- a/plugin/sign/nsec.go
+++ b/plugin/sign/nsec.go
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package sign
+
+import (
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin/file"
+	"github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin/file/tree"
+
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+)
+
+// names returns the elements of the zone in nsec order. If the returned boolean is true there were
+// no other apex records than SOA and NS, which are stored separately.
+func names(origin string, z *file.Zone) ([]string, bool) {
+	// if there are no apex records other than NS and SOA we'll miss the origin
+	// in this list. Check the first element and if not origin prepend it.
+	n := []string{}
+	z.Walk(func(e *tree.Elem, _ map[uint16][]dns.RR) error {
+		n = append(n, e.Name())
+		return nil
+	})
+	if len(n) == 0 {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	if n[0] != origin {
+		n = append([]string{origin}, n...)
+		return n, true
+	}
+	return n, false
+}
+
+// NSEC returns an NSEC record according to name, next, ttl and bitmap. Note that the bitmap is sorted before use.
+func NSEC(name, next string, ttl uint32, bitmap []uint16) *dns.NSEC {
+	sort.Slice(bitmap, func(i, j int) bool { return bitmap[i] < bitmap[j] })
+
+	return &dns.NSEC{
+		Hdr:        dns.RR_Header{Name: name, Ttl: ttl, Rrtype: dns.TypeNSEC, Class: dns.ClassINET},
+		NextDomain: next,
+		TypeBitMap: bitmap,
+	}
+}
--- a/plugin/sign/resign_test.go
+++ b/plugin/sign/resign_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package sign
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestResignInception(t *testing.T) {
+	then := time.Date(2019, 7, 18, 22, 50, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	// signed yesterday
+	zr := strings.NewReader(`miek.nl.	1800	IN	RRSIG	SOA 13 2 1800 20190808191936 20190717161936 59725 miek.nl. eU6gI1OkSEbyt`)
+	if x := resign(zr, then); x != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Expected RRSIG to be valid for %s, got invalid: %s", then.Format(timeFmt), x)
+	}
+
+	// inception starts after this date.
+	zr = strings.NewReader(`miek.nl.	1800	IN	RRSIG	SOA 13 2 1800 20190808191936 20190731161936 59725 miek.nl. eU6gI1OkSEbyt`)
+	if x := resign(zr, then); x == nil {
+		t.Errorf("Expected RRSIG to be invalid for %s, got valid", then.Format(timeFmt))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResignExpire(t *testing.T) {
+	then := time.Date(2019, 7, 18, 22, 50, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	// expires tomorrow
+	zr := strings.NewReader(`miek.nl.	1800	IN	RRSIG	SOA 13 2 1800 20190717191936 20190717161936 59725 miek.nl. eU6gI1OkSEbyt`)
+	if x := resign(zr, then); x == nil {
+		t.Errorf("Expected RRSIG to be invalid for %s, got valid", then.Format(timeFmt))
+	}
+	// expire too far away
+	zr = strings.NewReader(`miek.nl.	1800	IN	RRSIG	SOA 13 2 1800 20190731191936 20190717161936 59725 miek.nl. eU6gI1OkSEbyt`)
+	if x := resign(zr, then); x != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Expected RRSIG to be valid for %s, got invalid: %s", then.Format(timeFmt), x)
+	}
+
+	// expired yesterday
+	zr = strings.NewReader(`miek.nl.	1800	IN	RRSIG	SOA 13 2 1800 20190721191936 20190717161936 59725 miek.nl. eU6gI1OkSEbyt`)
+	if x := resign(zr, then); x == nil {
+		t.Errorf("Expected RRSIG to be invalid for %s, got valid", then.Format(timeFmt))
+	}
+}
--- a/plugin/sign/setup.go
+++ b/plugin/sign/setup.go
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+package sign
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/coredns/coredns/core/dnsserver"
+	"github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin"
+
+	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	caddy.RegisterPlugin("sign", caddy.Plugin{
+		ServerType: "dns",
+		Action:     setup,
+	})
+}
+
+func setup(c *caddy.Controller) error {
+	sign, err := parse(c)
+	if err != nil {
+		return plugin.Error("sign", err)
+	}
+
+	c.OnStartup(sign.OnStartup)
+	c.OnStartup(func() error {
+		for _, signer := range sign.signers {
+			go signer.refresh(DurationRefreshHours)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	c.OnShutdown(func() error {
+		for _, signer := range sign.signers {
+			close(signer.stop)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	// Don't call AddPlugin, *sign* is not a plugin.
+	return nil
+}
+
+func parse(c *caddy.Controller) (*Sign, error) {
+	sign := &Sign{}
+	config := dnsserver.GetConfig(c)
+
+	for c.Next() {
+		if !c.NextArg() {
+			return nil, c.ArgErr()
+		}
+		dbfile := c.Val()
+		if !filepath.IsAbs(dbfile) && config.Root != "" {
+			dbfile = filepath.Join(config.Root, dbfile)
+		}
+
+		origins := make([]string, len(c.ServerBlockKeys))
+		copy(origins, c.ServerBlockKeys)
+		args := c.RemainingArgs()
+		if len(args) > 0 {
+			origins = args
+		}
+		for i := range origins {
+			origins[i] = plugin.Host(origins[i]).Normalize()
+		}
+
+		signers := make([]*Signer, len(origins))
+		for i := range origins {
+			signers[i] = &Signer{
+				dbfile:     dbfile,
+				origin:     plugin.Host(origins[i]).Normalize(),
+				jitter:     time.Duration(float32(DurationJitter) * rand.Float32()),
+				directory:  "/var/lib/coredns",
+				stop:       make(chan struct{}),
+				signedfile: fmt.Sprintf("db.%ssigned", origins[i]), // origins[i] is a fqdn, so it ends with a dot, hence %ssigned.
+			}
+		}
+
+		for c.NextBlock() {
+			switch c.Val() {
+			case "key":
+				pairs, err := keyParse(c)
+				if err != nil {
+					return sign, err
+				}
+				for i := range signers {
+					for _, p := range pairs {
+						p.Public.Header().Name = signers[i].origin
+					}
+					signers[i].keys = append(signers[i].keys, pairs...)
+				}
+			case "directory":
+				dir := c.RemainingArgs()
+				if len(dir) == 0 || len(dir) > 1 {
+					return sign, fmt.Errorf("can only be one argument after %q", "directory")
+				}
+				if !filepath.IsAbs(dir[0]) && config.Root != "" {
+					dir[0] = filepath.Join(config.Root, dir[0])
+				}
+				for i := range signers {
+					signers[i].directory = dir[0]
+					signers[i].signedfile = fmt.Sprintf("db.%ssigned", signers[i].origin)
+				}
+			default:
+				return nil, c.Errf("unknown property '%s'", c.Val())
+			}
+		}
+		sign.signers = append(sign.signers, signers...)
+	}
+
+	return sign, nil
+}
--- a/plugin/sign/setup_test.go
+++ b/plugin/sign/setup_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+package sign
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy"
+)
+
+func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		input     string
+		shouldErr bool
+		exp       *Signer
+	}{
+		{`sign testdata/db.miek.nl miek.nl {
+			key file testdata/Kmiek.nl.+013+59725
+		 }`,
+			false,
+			&Signer{
+				keys:       []Pair{},
+				origin:     "miek.nl.",
+				dbfile:     "testdata/db.miek.nl",
+				directory:  "/var/lib/coredns",
+				signedfile: "db.miek.nl.signed",
+			},
+		},
+		{`sign testdata/db.miek.nl example.org {
+			key file testdata/Kmiek.nl.+013+59725
+			directory testdata
+		 }`,
+			false,
+			&Signer{
+				keys:       []Pair{},
+				origin:     "example.org.",
+				dbfile:     "testdata/db.miek.nl",
+				directory:  "testdata",
+				signedfile: "db.example.org.signed",
+			},
+		},
+		// errors
+		{`sign db.example.org {
+			key file /etc/coredns/keys/Kexample.org
+		 }`,
+			true,
+			nil,
+		},
+	}
+	for i, tc := range tests {
+		c := caddy.NewTestController("dns", tc.input)
+		sign, err := parse(c)
+
+		if err == nil && tc.shouldErr {
+			t.Fatalf("Test %d expected errors, but got no error", i)
+		}
+		if err != nil && !tc.shouldErr {
+			t.Fatalf("Test %d expected no errors, but got '%v'", i, err)
+		}
+		if tc.shouldErr {
+			continue
+		}
+		signer := sign.signers[0]
+		if x := signer.origin; x != tc.exp.origin {
+			t.Errorf("Test %d expected %s as origin, got %s", i, tc.exp.origin, x)
+		}
+		if x := signer.dbfile; x != tc.exp.dbfile {
+			t.Errorf("Test %d expected %s as dbfile, got %s", i, tc.exp.dbfile, x)
+		}
+		if x := signer.directory; x != tc.exp.directory {
+			t.Errorf("Test %d expected %s as directory, got %s", i, tc.exp.directory, x)
+		}
+		if x := signer.signedfile; x != tc.exp.signedfile {
+			t.Errorf("Test %d expected %s as signedfile, got %s", i, tc.exp.signedfile, x)
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/plugin/sign/sign.go
+++ b/plugin/sign/sign.go
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Package sign implements a zone signer as a plugin.
+package sign
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Sign contains signers that sign the zones files.
+type Sign struct {
+	signers []*Signer
+}
+
+// OnStartup scans all signers and signs or resigns zones if needed.
+func (s *Sign) OnStartup() error {
+	for _, signer := range s.signers {
+		why := signer.resign()
+		if why == nil {
+			log.Infof("Skipping signing zone %q in %q: signatures are valid", signer.origin, filepath.Join(signer.directory, signer.signedfile))
+			continue
+		}
+		go signAndLog(signer, why)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Various duration constants for signing of the zones.
+const (
+	DurationExpireDays              = 7 * 24 * time.Hour  // max time allowed before expiration
+	DurationResignDays              = 6 * 24 * time.Hour  // if the last sign happenend this long ago, sign again
+	DurationSignatureExpireDays     = 32 * 24 * time.Hour // sign for 32 days
+	DurationRefreshHours            = 5 * time.Hour       // check zones every 5 hours
+	DurationJitter                  = -18 * time.Hour     // default max jitter
+	DurationSignatureInceptionHours = -3 * time.Hour      // -(2+1) hours, be sure to catch daylight saving time and such, jitter is substracted
+)
+
+const timeFmt = "2006-01-02T15:04:05.000Z07:00"
--- a/plugin/sign/signer.go
+++ b/plugin/sign/signer.go
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+package sign
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin/file"
+	"github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin/file/tree"
+	clog "github.com/coredns/coredns/plugin/pkg/log"
+
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+)
+
+var log = clog.NewWithPlugin("sign")
+
+// Signer holds the data needed to sign a zone file.
+type Signer struct {
+	keys      []Pair
+	origin    string
+	dbfile    string
+	directory string
+	jitter    time.Duration
+
+	signedfile string
+	stop       chan struct{}
+
+	expiration uint32
+	inception  uint32
+	ttl        uint32
+}
+
+// Sign signs a zone file according to the parameters in s.
+func (s *Signer) Sign(now time.Time) (*file.Zone, error) {
+	rd, err := os.Open(s.dbfile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	z, err := Parse(rd, s.origin, s.dbfile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	s.inception, s.expiration = lifetime(now, s.jitter)
+
+	s.ttl = z.Apex.SOA.Header().Ttl
+	z.Apex.SOA.Serial = uint32(now.Unix())
+
+	for _, pair := range s.keys {
+		pair.Public.Header().Ttl = s.ttl // set TTL on key so it matches the RRSIG.
+		z.Insert(pair.Public)
+		z.Insert(pair.Public.ToDS(dns.SHA1))
+		z.Insert(pair.Public.ToDS(dns.SHA256))
+		z.Insert(pair.Public.ToDS(dns.SHA1).ToCDS())
+		z.Insert(pair.Public.ToDS(dns.SHA256).ToCDS())
+		z.Insert(pair.Public.ToCDNSKEY())
+	}
+
+	names, apex := names(s.origin, z)
+	ln := len(names)
+
+	var nsec *dns.NSEC
+	if apex {
+		nsec = NSEC(s.origin, names[(ln+1)%ln], s.ttl, []uint16{dns.TypeSOA, dns.TypeNS, dns.TypeRRSIG, dns.TypeNSEC})
+		z.Insert(nsec)
+	}
+
+	for _, pair := range s.keys {
+		rrsig, err := pair.signRRs([]dns.RR{z.Apex.SOA}, s.origin, s.ttl, s.inception, s.expiration)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		z.Insert(rrsig)
+		// NS apex may not be set if RR's have been discarded because the origin doesn't match.
+		if len(z.Apex.NS) > 0 {
+			rrsig, err = pair.signRRs(z.Apex.NS, s.origin, s.ttl, s.inception, s.expiration)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			z.Insert(rrsig)
+		}
+		if apex {
+			rrsig, err = pair.signRRs([]dns.RR{nsec}, s.origin, s.ttl, s.inception, s.expiration)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			z.Insert(rrsig)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// We are walking the tree in the same direction, so names[] can be used here to indicated the next element.
+	i := 1
+	err = z.Walk(func(e *tree.Elem, zrrs map[uint16][]dns.RR) error {
+		if !apex && e.Name() == s.origin {
+			nsec := NSEC(e.Name(), names[(ln+i)%ln], s.ttl, append(e.Types(), dns.TypeNS, dns.TypeSOA, dns.TypeNSEC, dns.TypeRRSIG))
+			z.Insert(nsec)
+		} else {
+			nsec := NSEC(e.Name(), names[(ln+i)%ln], s.ttl, append(e.Types(), dns.TypeNSEC, dns.TypeRRSIG))
+			z.Insert(nsec)
+		}
+
+		for t, rrs := range zrrs {
+			if t == dns.TypeRRSIG {
+				continue
+			}
+			for _, pair := range s.keys {
+				rrsig, err := pair.signRRs(rrs, s.origin, s.ttl, s.inception, s.expiration)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				e.Insert(rrsig)
+			}
+		}
+		i++
+		return nil
+	})
+	return z, err
+}
+
+// resign checks if the signed zone exists, or needs resigning.
+func (s *Signer) resign() error {
+	signedfile := filepath.Join(s.directory, s.signedfile)
+	rd, err := os.Open(signedfile)
+	if err != nil && os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	return resign(rd, now)
+}
+
+// resign will scan rd and check the signature on the SOA record. We will resign on the basis
+// of 2 conditions:
+// * either the inception is more than 6 days ago, or
+// * we only have 1 week left on the signature
+//
+// All SOA signatures will be checked. If the SOA isn't found in the first 100
+// records, we will resign the zone.
+func resign(rd io.Reader, now time.Time) (why error) {
+	zp := dns.NewZoneParser(rd, ".", "resign")
+	zp.SetIncludeAllowed(true)
+	i := 0
+
+	for rr, ok := zp.Next(); ok; rr, ok = zp.Next() {
+		if err := zp.Err(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		switch x := rr.(type) {
+		case *dns.RRSIG:
+			if x.TypeCovered != dns.TypeSOA {
+				continue
+			}
+			incep, _ := time.Parse("20060102150405", dns.TimeToString(x.Inception))
+			// If too long ago, resign.
+			if now.Sub(incep) >= 0 && now.Sub(incep) > DurationResignDays {
+				return fmt.Errorf("inception %q was more than: %s ago from %s: %s", incep.Format(timeFmt), DurationResignDays, now.Format(timeFmt), now.Sub(incep))
+			}
+			// Inception hasn't even start yet.
+			if now.Sub(incep) < 0 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("inception %q date is in the future: %s", incep.Format(timeFmt), now.Sub(incep))
+			}
+
+			expire, _ := time.Parse("20060102150405", dns.TimeToString(x.Expiration))
+			if expire.Sub(now) < DurationExpireDays {
+				return fmt.Errorf("expiration %q is less than: %s away from %s: %s", expire.Format(timeFmt), DurationExpireDays, now.Format(timeFmt), expire.Sub(now))
+			}
+		}
+		i++
+		if i > 100 {
+			// 100 is a random number. A SOA record should be the first in the zonefile, but RFC 1035 doesn't actually mandate this. So it could
+			// be 3rd or even later. The number 100 looks crazy high enough that it will catch all weird zones, but not high enough to keep the CPU
+			// busy with parsing all the time.
+			return fmt.Errorf("no SOA RRSIG found in first 100 records")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func signAndLog(s *Signer, why error) {
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	z, err := s.Sign(now)
+	log.Infof("Signing %q because %s", s.origin, why)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warningf("Error signing %q with key tags %q in %s: %s, next: %s", s.origin, keyTag(s.keys), time.Since(now), err, now.Add(DurationRefreshHours).Format(timeFmt))
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := s.write(z); err != nil {
+		log.Warningf("Error signing %q: failed to move zone file into place: %s", s.origin, err)
+		return
+	}
+	log.Infof("Successfully signed zone %q in %q with key tags %q and %d SOA serial, elapsed %f, next: %s", s.origin, filepath.Join(s.directory, s.signedfile), keyTag(s.keys), z.Apex.SOA.Serial, time.Since(now).Seconds(), now.Add(DurationRefreshHours).Format(timeFmt))
+}
+
+// refresh checks every val if some zones need to be resigned.
+func (s *Signer) refresh(val time.Duration) {
+	tick := time.NewTicker(val)
+	defer tick.Stop()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-s.stop:
+			return
+		case <-tick.C:
+			why := s.resign()
+			if why == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			signAndLog(s, why)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func lifetime(now time.Time, jitter time.Duration) (uint32, uint32) {
+	incep := uint32(now.Add(DurationSignatureInceptionHours).Add(jitter).Unix())
+	expir := uint32(now.Add(DurationSignatureExpireDays).Unix())
+	return incep, expir
+}
--- a/plugin/sign/signer_test.go
+++ b/plugin/sign/signer_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+package sign
+
+import (
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/caddyserver/caddy"
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+)
+
+func TestSign(t *testing.T) {
+	input := `sign testdata/db.miek.nl miek.nl {
+		key file testdata/Kmiek.nl.+013+59725
+		directory testdata
+	}`
+	c := caddy.NewTestController("dns", input)
+	sign, err := parse(c)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(sign.signers) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected 1 signer, got %d", len(sign.signers))
+	}
+	z, err := sign.signers[0].Sign(time.Now().UTC())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	apex, _ := z.Search("miek.nl.")
+	if x := apex.Type(dns.TypeDS); len(x) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected %d DS records, got %d", 2, len(x))
+	}
+	if x := apex.Type(dns.TypeCDS); len(x) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected %d CDS records, got %d", 2, len(x))
+	}
+	if x := apex.Type(dns.TypeCDNSKEY); len(x) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected %d CDNSKEY record, got %d", 1, len(x))
+	}
+	if x := apex.Type(dns.TypeDNSKEY); len(x) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected %d DNSKEY record, got %d", 1, len(x))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSignApexZone(t *testing.T) {
+	apex := `$TTL    30M
+$ORIGIN example.org.
+@       IN      SOA     linode miek.miek.nl. ( 1282630060 4H 1H 7D 4H )
+        IN      NS      linode
+`
+	if err := ioutil.WriteFile("db.apex-test.example.org", []byte(apex), 0644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer os.Remove("db.apex-test.example.org")
+	input := `sign db.apex-test.example.org example.org {
+		key file testdata/Kmiek.nl.+013+59725
+		directory testdata
+	}`
+	c := caddy.NewTestController("dns", input)
+	sign, err := parse(c)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	z, err := sign.signers[0].Sign(time.Now().UTC())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	el, _ := z.Search("example.org.")
+	nsec := el.Type(dns.TypeNSEC)
+	if len(nsec) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected 1 NSEC for %s, got %d", "example.org.", len(nsec))
+	}
+	if x := nsec[0].(*dns.NSEC).NextDomain; x != "example.org." {
+		t.Errorf("Expected NSEC NextDomain %s, got %s", "example.org.", x)
+	}
+	if x := nsec[0].(*dns.NSEC).TypeBitMap; len(x) != 8 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected NSEC bitmap to be %d elements, got %d", 8, x)
+	}
+	if x := nsec[0].(*dns.NSEC).TypeBitMap; x[7] != dns.TypeCDNSKEY {
+		t.Errorf("Expected NSEC bitmap element 6 to be %d, got %d", dns.TypeCDNSKEY, x[7])
+	}
+	if x := nsec[0].(*dns.NSEC).TypeBitMap; x[5] != dns.TypeDNSKEY {
+		t.Errorf("Expected NSEC bitmap element 5 to be %d, got %d", dns.TypeDNSKEY, x[5])
+	}
+	dnskey := el.Type(dns.TypeDNSKEY)
+	if x := dnskey[0].Header().Ttl; x != 1800 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected DNSKEY TTL to be %d, got %d", 1800, x)
+	}
+	sigs := el.Type(dns.TypeRRSIG)
+	for _, s := range sigs {
+		if s.(*dns.RRSIG).TypeCovered == dns.TypeDNSKEY {
+			if s.(*dns.RRSIG).OrigTtl != dnskey[0].Header().Ttl {
+				t.Errorf("Expected RRSIG original TTL to match DNSKEY TTL, but %d != %d", s.(*dns.RRSIG).OrigTtl, dnskey[0].Header().Ttl)
+			}
+			if s.(*dns.RRSIG).SignerName != dnskey[0].Header().Name {
+				t.Errorf("Expected RRSIG signer name to match DNSKEY ownername, but %s != %s", s.(*dns.RRSIG).SignerName, dnskey[0].Header().Name)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/plugin/sign/testdata/Kmiek.nl.+013+59725.key
+++ b/plugin/sign/testdata/Kmiek.nl.+013+59725.key
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+; This is a key-signing key, keyid 59725, for miek.nl.
+; Created: 20190709192036 (Tue Jul  9 20:20:36 2019)
+; Publish: 20190709192036 (Tue Jul  9 20:20:36 2019)
+; Activate: 20190709192036 (Tue Jul  9 20:20:36 2019)
+miek.nl. IN DNSKEY 257 3 13 sfzRg5nDVxbeUc51su4MzjgwpOpUwnuu81SlRHqJuXe3SOYOeypR69tZ 52XLmE56TAmPHsiB8Rgk+NTpf0o1Cw==
--- a/plugin/sign/testdata/Kmiek.nl.+013+59725.private
+++ b/plugin/sign/testdata/Kmiek.nl.+013+59725.private
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Private-key-format: v1.3
+Algorithm: 13 (ECDSAP256SHA256)
+PrivateKey: rm7EdHRca//6xKpJzeoLt/mrfgQnltJ0WpQGtOG59yo=
+Created: 20190709192036
+Publish: 20190709192036
+Activate: 20190709192036
--- a/plugin/sign/testdata/db.miek.nl
+++ b/plugin/sign/testdata/db.miek.nl
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+$TTL    30M
+$ORIGIN miek.nl.
+@       IN      SOA     linode.atoom.net. miek.miek.nl. ( 1282630060 4H 1H 7D 4H )
+                IN      NS      linode.atoom.net.
+                IN      MX      1  aspmx.l.google.com.
+		IN 	AAAA    2a01:7e00::f03c:91ff:fe79:234c
+		IN	DNSKEY  257 3 13 sfzRg5nDVxbeUc51su4MzjgwpOpUwnuu81SlRHqJuXe3SOYOeypR69tZ52XLmE56TAmPHsiB8Rgk+NTpf0o1Cw==
+
+a		IN 	AAAA    2a01:7e00::f03c:91ff:fe79:234c
+www     	IN 	CNAME 	a
+
+
+bla                 IN  NS      ns1.bla.com.
+ns3.blaaat.miek.nl. IN  AAAA    ::1 ; non-glue, should be signed.
+; in baliwick nameserver that requires glue, should not be signed
+bla                 IN  NS      ns2.bla.miek.nl.
+ns2.bla.miek.nl.    IN  A       127.0.0.1